Introduction
The core of Viktor Frankl’s psychological theory is that the primary factor in mental health and the will to live is a person’s sense that his or her life has purpose, and, therefore, the extent to which he or she can create or discern such a purpose. Man’s Search for Meaning is divided into two parts. Part one describes his experience in a concentration camp, which, in Frankl’s own words, serves as the “existential validation” for his theories, which are expounded in part two.
The concentration camp is a unique setting in which to observe human psychology, in that people in this situation lose every tangible link with their former lives and identities, as well as any certainty regarding their own survival and that of their dearest loved ones. I would never condone performing such an experiment on people solely for the sake of gaining such insights, but Frankl did make the most of the situation he was in, as both observer and subject.

Analysis
One of the biggest insights from this book, for me, is the notion that a life circumstance involving unavoidable suffering constitutes a priceless opportunity for spiritual achievement. “If there is a meaning in life at all, then there must be a meaning in suffering… Here lies the chance for a man either to make use of or to forgo the opportunities of attaining the moral values that a difficult situation may afford him.”
Viktor doesn’t say it in so many words, but the implication isn’t necessarily that suffering itself is a source of meaning. But if one were to recognize the concept that the purpose of human life is to develop spiritual qualities and to serve humanity, then suffering may be seen as opportunity, whereas one could never reach this conclusion if approaching the situation from a materialistic perspective.
Frankl explains that it matters little what you expect from life, when compared to the more pertinent question of what life expects from you. There’s something deeply ennobling about taking on the perspective that you have been given a great task and a high standard to live up to. It is empirically proven, if human experience is to be given any credibility, that such a perspective causes a person to be more assured and resilient. A situation will rarely match your expectations, but you will deal with it more gracefully when you frame it in terms of how best to respond, or whether you are being presented with the opportunity to take decisive action, to reflect, or simply to bear things gracefully.
What you do now, your choices and the manner in which you conduct yourself, also determines what repository of past experience you will retain for all eternity. As Frankl says, “Having been is also a kind of being, and perhaps the surest kind.” My grandmother has always treasured her experience of patiently enduring six years’ imprisonment for being a Bahá’í. And now she’s lived her life, and it was well done indeed.

Favorite excerpts from Part II:
- On the idea that noble goals can sometimes serve as a mask for feelings of inadequacy / inner conflicts within a person:
“Unmasking…should stop as soon as one is confronted with what is authentic and genuine in man, e.g., man’s desire for a life that is as meaningful as possible. If it does not stop then, the only thing that the ‘unmasking psychologist’ really unmasks is his own ‘hidden motive’ – namely, his unconscious need to debase and depreciate what is genuine, what is genuinely human, in man.”
- On the interpretation that there is something wrong with one who is concerned with the apparent lack of meaning in life:
“Existential frustration is in itself neither pathological nor pathogenic. A man’s concern, even his despair, over the worthwhileness of life is an existential distress but by no means a mental disease. It may well be that interpreting the first in terms of the latter motivates a doctor to bury his patient’s existential despair under a heap of tranquilizing drugs. It is his task, rather, to pilot the patient through his existential crises of growth and development.”
- On the natural difficulty humans face in discerning meaning:
“What is demanded of man is not, as some existential philosophers teach, to endure the meaninglessness of life, but rather to bear his incapacity to grasp its unconditional meaningfulness in rational terms. Logos is deeper than logic.”
- On the definition of a mentally healthy state:
“Thus it can be seen that mental health is based on a certain degree of tension, the tension between what one has already achieved and what one still ought to accomplish, or the gap between what one is and what one should become… I consider it a dangerous misconception of mental hygiene to assume that what man needs in the first place is equilibrium or, as it is called in biology, ‘homeostasis,’ i.e., a tensionless state.”
- On the balance between freedom and responsibility:
“Freedom is in danger of degenerating into mere arbitrariness unless it is lived in terms of responsibleness. That is why I recommend that the Statue of Liberty on the East Coast be supplemented by a Statue of Responsibility on the West Coast.”
What I consider to be the crowning apex of Frankl’s philosophy:
“By declaring that man is responsible and must actualize the potential meaning of his life, I wish to stress that the true meaning of life is to be discovered in the world rather than within man or his own psyche, as though it were a closed system… The more one forgets himself – by giving himself to a cause to serve or another person to love – the more human he is and the more he actualizes himself. What is called self-actualization is not an attainable aim at all, for the simple reason that the more one would strive for it, the more he would miss it. In other words, self-actualization is possible only as a side-effect of self-transcendence.”
Compare that with a quotation by Shoghi Effendi, the guardian of the Bahá’í Faith, who lived during the same time period as Frankl:
“The more we search for ourselves, the less likely we are to find ourselves; and the more we search for God, and to serve our fellow-men, the more profoundly will we become acquainted with ourselves, and the more inwardly assured. This is one of the great spiritual laws of life.”
Conclusion
“Every age has its own collective neurosis, and every age needs its own psychotherapy to cope with it.” – Viktor Frankl
“Every age hath its own problem, and every soul its particular aspiration. The remedy the world needeth in its present-day afflictions can never be the same as that which a subsequent age may require. Be anxiously concerned with the needs of the age ye live in, and center your deliberations on its exigencies and requirements.” – Bahá’u'lláh
“Our generation is realistic, for we have come to know man as he really is. After all, man is that being who invented the gas chambers of Auschwitz; however, his is also that being who entered those gas chambers upright, with the Lord’s Prayer or the Shema Yisrael on his lips.”
Thank you, Viktor Frankl, for all the trials that you endured and the wisdom that you uncovered.